Boudhanath Stupa

Boudhanath Stupa is one of the most sacred Buddhist sites in the world. It is a religious site and a cultural hub for pilgrims, especially Tibetan Buddhists. Similarly, it is one of Nepal’s largest, 36-meter-high, and 100-meter-wide stupas in the capital city of Kathmandu. The stupa is located just 7 km northeast of central Kathmandu, making it a must-visit site in the Kathmandu Valley. Boudha Stupa has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979, demonstrating its historical and cultural significance worldwide. 

The stupa is the identity of Kathmandu. It offers spirituality and reflects the richness of Nepal’s history. The stupa is surrounded by many Buddhist monasteries, street shops, and vendors where you can find traditional souvenirs like thanks paintings, handicrafts, and authentic Nepali and Tibetan cuisine. This article will discuss everything about the Boudhanath Stupa, from its history to its significance to Nepalese and Tibetan Buddhists. So, make sure you stick with us until the end!

Historical Background

Origin stories and construction timeline

Boudhanatha Stupa has interesting origin stories. We say stories because there are two versions: one from the historical records and another from the Buddhist legend. The historical record has a Tibetan connection, while the Buddhist legend dates back to the Licchavi period of Nepal. Let us learn about both origin Stories.

Licchavi Records (c. 400 – 750 CE)

According to an early written source, Gopālarājavaṃśāvalī, Licchavi King Śivadeva (c. 590–604 CE) founded Boudhanath. Other sources claim that it was King Mānadeva. The Khaasti Chaitys are found in Chronicles of the Newars, which mention that one of the first four stupas was founded by King Virsadeva or Vikramjit (c. 400 CE). The second stupa is believed to have been established by King Dharmadeva’s son, Mānadeva. Meanwhile, King Śivadeva built the third stupa and may have restored the Chiatya. Some sources claim that King Amshuverma (c. 605 – 621 CE) renovated the stupa. 

The most popular myth is connected with King Vikramjit. During his reign, there was a severe drought in the Kathmandu Valley. Astrologers suggested it would only end after sacrificing a man possessing Battis-Lakshanas (thirty-two) virtues. The King told his son to go to Narayanhiti at night and find the right man. He also instructed his son to cover the man’s eyes while he performed the deed. In the darkness of the night, the son mistakenly killed his father. 

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The prince, wanting to atone for his patricide, consulted a priest who suggested he release a flying hen from the top of Bajrayogini and build a stupa where it lands. It is believed that the hen landed where the Boudhanath Stupa stands tall today. Even before the stupa was constructed, the Ajimaa shrine was already there. During the construction, the area was severely affected by drought. To survive the drought, people collected dew drops. In Newari, dew is “Khas” and drops “ti.” Hence, the stupa was known as Khasti Machachaitya. It was changed to Boudhanath during the Panchayat rule, around 1960.  

Tibetan Historical Records

The Tibetan origin story is connected with Tibetan Emperor Trisong Detsen in the 8th century CE. According to the Kangthang Zanglingma, a biography of Guru Padmasambhava, the Boudhanath Stupa was built during Emperor Trisong Detsen’s reign. Some records show Songtsen Gampo’s reign was during the 7th century CE. 

According to the story, a Tamang woman named Samvari aspired to build the stupa, whose essence is the Tathāgatas’ relics. She asked permission from the local king and a grant of land. Then, her four sons and servants began building the stupa. They continued the stupa construction even after her death, and after its completion, the stupa was blessed with Buddha Kassapa’s relics. 

Then, they aspired to spread Buddhism in Tibet and decided to reborn. It is believed that the first son was reborn in the 8th century as Trisong Detsen, the second son as an Abbott known as Shantarakshita, the third son as Guru Padmasambhava, and the fourth son as a king’s minister, Bamki Trizher of Yarlung. 

Ngakchang Shakya Zangpo discovered terma (the complete teaching of Padmasambhava recorded by Yeshe Tsogyal) and came to Nepal searching for the stupa. He only found an abandoned mound and restored it. During the restoration process, Shakya Zangpo is said to have resided at Chabahil, which was known as Sa Lhag Rdo Lhag, which means “leftover earth, leftover stones.” Chabahil is believed to have been built using the leftover materials from the Boudhanath Stupa’s restoration. 

Connection to King Ashoka

The exact historical connections of Ashoka with Buddha Stupa varies. However, many Buddhist devotees link the Stupa with King Ashoka. They believe that the stupa was built under his rule in 250 BCE. King Ashoka was the third emperor of the Maurya Dynasty, India, who ruled around 268 to 232 BCE. He was a devout Buddhist and is said to have built over 84,000 stupas across India. He also has an interesting connection with Boudhanath Stupa. 

According to the legends, King Ashoka dreamt of Buddha, who instructed him to build a stupa in the Kathmandu Valley. So, it is believed that Ashoka had either constructed or helped in the early construction of the stupa. There are also myths surrounding the stupa, such as Ashoka placing Buddha’s relics at the stupa to spread Buddhist teachings. Despite the exact facts, he has had a massive influence on spreading Buddhism and Buddhist architecture. Boudhanath Stupa is a central pilgrimage site for many Buddhists in Nepal, Tibet, and worldwide. 

Architectural Highlights of Boudhanath Stupa

The massive Spherical dome

The spherical dome of the Boudhanath Stupa is among the largest domes in the world, with a diameter of 100 feet, and stands at 141.16 feet tall. The base of the stupa spans 1 hectare, is constructed with bricks, and is covered with limewash, which is three times larger than the Stupa of Syambunath. The dome is a significant part of the Stupa, which is important for worshiping and circumambulation. 

On top of the stupa’s dome is the harmika or Buddha’s eyes. The 13 steps pinnacle above the harmika represent the stages humans must pass through to achieve enlightenment. The massive spherical dome represents the vastness of the universe. Similarly, it also symbolizes the path to enlightenment. 

Buddha’s eyes 

Buddha’s eyes, or harmika, are right above the spherical dome. It is a square tower that represents the four cardinal directions. The eyes of the Buddha are painted on the four sides of the stupas, representing the wisdom and all-seeing ability of the Buddha and spiritual awareness. 

Similarly, the Buddha’s eyes are also known as the “Wisdom Eyes” or the all-seeing eyes of the Buddha. They represent the Buddha’s ability to observe every living being’s needs and suffering. A small spiral or nose-like structure is between the Buddha’s eyes. It represents the significance of the Nepali number one and symbolizes unity. Likewise, it signifies spiritual liberation. 

The mandala

The Boudhanath Stupa is set on a massive three-dimensional mandala. The mandala is a sacred geometric design representing cosmic order and the path to enlightenment. Hence, it is not only the stupa’s physical foundation but also its spiritual base. Mandalas are used as meditation tools. They are believed to help meditators visualize the universe and connect with higher spiritual power. 

Unique features 

Boudhanath Stupa is one of the biggest stupas in the world, while it is Nepal’s largest stupa. However, it is not the only unique feature of the stupa. The architecture of the Boudhanth lacks a “Torana,” unlike other traditional stupas like the Swayambhunath Stupa. It is because the structure of the stupa is a massive and towering spire. The lack of torana gives Boudhanath Stupa a simple and unique look. The stupa sits on a unique three-dimensional mandala that symbolizes the Buddhist cosmos. 

Similarly, there is no display of Dhyani Buddhas on the stupa itself. Instead, 108 small images of the Dhyani Buddhas encircle the Boudhanath Stupa. The stupa prominently features the Buddha’s eyes on a square structure. Another unique feature of the Boudhanath Stupa is that it does not have a central relic chamber. In its place, there is a massive structure that holds sacred texts, offerings, and relics.  

The stupa has five structures representing five Dhyani Buddhas and five elements. They are as follows: 

• Base: Earth element
• Dome: Water element
• Buddha’s eyes or Harmika: Fire element
• 13 steps above Harmika: Air element
• Umbrella and Pinnacle: Space element 

Use of limewash and symbolic saffron patterns

The base or dome is repainted every year with limewash. It is made of natural lime and pigments, which are natural decorations that help preserve the structure. The lime brightens the dome, and the white symbolizes peace and purity. Limewash also has the scientific property of protecting the outside of the stupa from weathering. Monks and devotees often participate in reapplying limewash as an act of devotion and to gain merits. 

Similarly, the yellow-petal pattern on the dome is painted with saffron water, which also has religious significance. The saffron color is considered sacred in Buddhism and symbolizes blessings, spiritual renewal, and holy energy. So, saffron is mixed with water and sprinkled over the stupa’s dome. The golden yellow patterns on the white dome of the Boudhanath Stupa create a stunning contrast. 

Cultural and Spiritual Significance

Boudhanath Stupa is a sacred site not only for Buddhist devotees worldwide but also has cultural and spiritual significance to all Nepalese people. It is a national treasure and designated as one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Nepal. Similarly, Boudhanath is also a beacon of harmony and peace. Thousands of tourists visit the stupa annually to connect with its history, culture, and spirituality. 

The stupa has massive spiritual significance for Tibetan Buddhists. They consider the site to be one of the holiest outside Tibet. It is because Boudhanath is closely associated with Guru Rinpoche, and devotees believe that he meditated here. Hence, they circumambulate (kora) the stupa clockwise while spinning the prayer wheels. They believe the act will purify their karma and gain them spiritual merit. Similarly, the stupa is believed to contain sacred relics of Buddha. The entire structure from the dome to Buddha’s eyes, 13 steps above Harmika, and the Umbrella and the Pinnacle represents the path to enlightenment. 

Boudhanath also has cultural significance. During important Buddhist festivals and rituals like Lhosar (Tibetan New Year) and Buddha Jayanti, the monks and devotees visit the stupa. Likewise, there are also daily prayers and rituals. The stupa is open for anyone to visit. It is an important heritage site in Kathmandu Valley that shows religious and social harmony. Likewise, Boudhanath also plays a crucial role in preserving the Tibetan culture and heritage. Visitors can observe and buy Tibetan handicrafts, thangka paintings, incense, and more around the area. The stupa represents the cultural and religious significance of Buddhist heritage in Nepal. If you want to discover the true essence of Nepal, check out our 10 Days Nepal Tour!

Role in Buddhist rituals and ceremonies

Boudhanath Stupa is sacred to Buddhists and central to many rituals and ceremonies. Devotees gather here to pray, perform kora, and light butter lamps. These rituals are believed to enhance one’s good merits, dispel ignorance, and gain wisdom. During festivals and ceremonies, Buddhist devotees gather here. In addition to the usual rituals, people offer flowers, incense, and food. Traditional performances are also held on the stupa’s premises. 

Similarly, circumambulation, or pradakshina or kora, is also performed at Boudhanath. Pradakshina is a Sanskrit term often used by Hindus and Buddhists in Nepal and India. Kora is a Tibetan term used by Tibetan Buddhist followers. It is an essential spiritual practice to walk around the stupa clockwise while spinning the prayer wheels and chanting mantras. Many devotees also count the Buddha Chitta mala, which consists of 108 small beads, while circumambulating. It is an important ritual believed to purify one’s karma and obtain spiritual merit. 

The Tibetan-Nepalese Influence

Nepal and Tibet have had an interesting connection that dates back over 1300 years. There have been not only trading and political interactions but also religious and cultural ones. Hence, you can see the Tibetan-Nepalese influence in many Himalayan regions close to the Tibetan border and Kathmandu city. This influence has also helped shape the culture, religion, and art of the Buddhist religion in Nepal. 

Boudhanath’s historical role in the ancient Tibetan Trade Route

An ancient Tibetan trade route used to connect Tibet with Nepal and India. Kathmandu was the center for trade between the three countries. Meanwhile, the Boudhanath stupa served as an important landmark to the path leading to Lhasa. The Tibetan merchants would bring Tibetan wool, salt, and gold and exchange them for grains, handicrafts, spices from India, and other goods. They would worship the stupa and often rest there. Even today, travelers and visitors can buy traditional Tibetan handicrafts, artifacts, etc., in the shops on the stupa’s premises.

Tibetan refugee community and other monasteries 

The trading route thrived until the mid-20th century. In 1959, China annexed Tibet, and there was a decline in trade from then onwards. Thousands of Tibetans also fled their country after Tibet’s annexation by China, while many were also exiled. They settled around the Boudhanath area and formed their own little community. They established small monasteries, schools, and shops, which helped preserve their identity in Nepal. At present, Boudhanath is a cultural and religious hub for Tibetan Buddhism and has become “Little Tibet.” Their rich thangka arts, carpet weaving, traditional craftsmanship, and metalwork have also blended with Nepali craft, creating unique works. 

There are more than 50 Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in the Boudhanath area. Some of the significant ones are: 

• Shechen Monastery (Shechen Tennyi Dargyeling)
• Jamchen Monastery
• Ka-Nying Shedrub Ling Monastery
• Thrangu Monastery 

What can visitors do? 

There are a plethora of things that visitors can do around Boudhanath. Here are some of the best things you can do: 

Perform Kora and spin the prayer wheels

While visiting the Boudhanath Stupa, join the locals and monks performing the kora. Do what they do and walk clockwise while spinning the prayer wheels. Usually, early mornings and evenings are the best times to do this. You can hear monks chanting, and the whole atmosphere feels spiritual. 

Take memorable photos

You can also take stunning and memorable photographs during your visit. The beautiful stupa, colorful shops, prayer wheels, and people doing rituals make the place look very scenic. Similarly, the colorful prayer flags add colors to the scenic setting. You can also take beautiful pictures of the streets and markets around the stupa. Early mornings and evenings are the best times for photography. Before you take photos of locals or monks, make sure you ask for their permission. 

Dine at rooftop restaurants

You do not want to miss the opportunity to dine at the rooftop restaurants around Boudhanath. These restaurants give you a high, wide view of the stupa. You can relax, enjoy the view, and savor Tibetan cuisines. You can also explore and try authentic Tibetan food at the local eateries. Some must-try dishes include Tibetan dumplings, thukpa, rildok, keema noodles, laphing, khapsi, tingmo, and butter tea (salty Tibetan tea with yak butter). 

Shop for souvenirs

You can shop for souvenirs to take home or as gifts for your loved ones. There are numerous vibrant Tibetan shops around the stupa. These shops primarily sell Tibetan handicrafts and arts. You can buy traditional Thangka paintings, singing bowls, prayer beads, Tibetan jewelry, and gemstones. There are also many shops that sell 100% Pashmina scarves and shawls, which are a bit pricey, but the quality is worth it. Similarly, you can buy handmade Tibetan incense, Himalayan herbal teas, hand-carved wooden/ bronze statues, handheld prayer wheels, and more.  

Participate in meditation sessions

There are also meditation centers around the stupa where you can experience Tibetan Buddhist meditation. These centers offer a variety of meditation sessions, such as retreats, guided sessions, or silent meditations. You do not have to be a practitioner to join these sessions, so any beginner can participate. Meditation is a great way to connect with your spirituality. You can relax and enjoy the calm atmosphere of Boudhanath. 

Festivals Celebrated In The Stupa

Many festivals are celebrated in Boudhanath Stupa throughout the year. Here are some of the most significant ones: 

Lhosar (Tibetan New Year) 

Lhosar is the Tibetan New Year, which the Tibetan community in Nepal celebrates with much joy. The new year falls during February or March, depending on the lunar calendar. On this day, various rituals and prayers are performed at Boudhanath. Traditional dances (Chham) and processions are also held. The community offers prayers and prepares family feasts with traditional foods. 

Buddha Jayanti (Buddha’s Birthday)

Buddha Jayanti is the day Gautam Buddha was born. Buddhist devotees celebrate this day as his birth, enlightenment, and death (parinirvana). Buddha Jayanti falls on the full moon day of the lunar calendar, which is either April or May according to the Gregorian calendar. The stupa is decorated with flowers on this day, and the monks organize special puja. They perform various rituals and prayers, seeking blessings from Buddha. Many pilgrims from across Nepal and Tibet visit the stupa on this day. 

Lha Bab Düchen (Buddha’s Descent from Heaven)

Another significant festival celebrated in Boudhanath is Lha Bab Düchen, which occurs on the 22nd day of the ninth lunar month, or October, according to the Gregorian calendar. Buddhists celebrate this day as the day when Buddha descended from Tushita heaven. They believe that Buddha left his teachings with his mother and other gods to attain enlightenment and return to earth to guide humanity. Special monastic ceremonies, prayers, and rituals are held in Boudhanath. Similarly, devotees renew spiritual vows and meditate on this day. 

Nearby Attractions

Monasteries such as Shechen Monastery

There are more than 50 monasteries around Boudhanath, and one of the significant monasteries in the area is Shechen Monastery. It is one of the important monasteries in Tibetan Buddhist religion that belong to one of the oldest schools of Tibetan Buddhism, the Nyingma tradition. The monastery is a reconstruction of the original Shechen Monastery in Tibet. You can see intricate murals, statues, and thangka paintings in the main temple. Similarly, a large golden statue of Guru Padmasambhava is inside the monastery. You can also explore other monasteries around the area. 

Thangka painting workshops

Boudhanath is one of the best places to observe or buy traditional Tibetan thangka paintings. There are many thangka painting workshops and schools here. You can get hands-on experience and try painting basic motifs, mandalas, and even deities. An expert Thangka art master will guide you. These workshops allow you to complete the art and take it home with you. Similarly, you can learn about the art of thagnak in depth. 

Tibetan market

The Tibetan market near the Boudhanath is a paradise for travelers looking to get their hands on Tibetan handicrafts, religious artifacts, and souvenirs. You can observe as well as by traditional art and handicraft goods. The narrow alleys and streets are lined with Tibetan shops. You can buy goods like thangka paintings, singing bowls, Tibetan prayer flags, incense, Tibetan jewelry, pashmina, carpets, and antique objects.  

Travel Tips

Here are a few travel tips for your Boudhanath Stupa visit: 

• Dress modestly and cover your shoulders and knees. 
• Walk clockwise (left to right) around the stupa and spin the prayer wheels clockwise. 
• Do not climb the stupa, and keep your voice low. 
• You can take photos, but if you are taking photographs of monks, ask them for permission. 
• Visit the nearby monasteries and explore the area for souvenir shopping. 
• You can visit rooftop cafés, enjoy wide views of the Boudhanath Stupa, and eat traditional foods like momo, thenduk, and Tibetan butter tea. 

When to visit Boudhanath Stupa for a serene experience?

The best time to visit Boudhanath stupa for a serene experience is during early morning (5:30 – 7:30 AM) and late evening (7:00 – 9:00 PM). In the early morning, Boudhanath feels peaceful, and you can see monks doing their morning prayers. You can join locals performing koras. Similarly, there is only a small crowd in the late evening. The atmosphere feels magical as the butter lamps light up the stupa against the night sky. 

If you are wondering which season is ideal for the Boudhanath stupa, you can do it any time of the year. The stupa is open throughout the year. For pleasant weather, spring is ideal, while summertime is quieter. Many festivals fall during autumn, and the visibility is clear. For those who love chilly weather, winter is best. Here is the temperature of Boudhanath Stupa monthwise: 

Conclusion

Boudhanath stupa holds a special place in the hearts of every Nepalese. It has a blend of spirituality, history, and ancient Tibetan architecture. Similarly, it has religious and cultural significance for all Buddhist and non-Buddhist people in the country. The UNESCO World Heritage Site is also an important center for Tibetan Buddhism followers. Each structure of the great stupa has sacred meaning and is a path to enlightenment. 

The area around the stupa itself is a must-visit place in Kathmandu. There are Tibetan markets and shops that show traditional Tibetan art and crafts. You will immerse yourself in the Tibetan Buddhist tradition and culture and try delicious Tibetan cuisines. A visit to Boudhanath stupa is not only memorable but also a spiritual experience. Learn about Buddha’s teaching and gain enlightenment with this beautiful trip!